Key Players In Malaysia Airline Industry Tourism Essay

Key Players In Malaysia Airline Industry Tourism Essay This part incorporates research foundation, issue explanation, research targets, research questions, and speculations of the examination, noteworthiness of the investigation and section format. Examination foundation gives the general marvels and foundation of the investigation. Issue articulation comprises of the issues that ought to be stressed and all the more profoundly create in the examination questions and theories. After unmistakably bring up the examination issue of the investigation, the exploration destinations to be achieve and the examination inquiries to be addressed are talk about in the accompanying also. Speculations are created from the proposed hypothetical system. Next area will be criticalness of study which quickly clarify the significance and the commitments of this examination. Last segment will be quickly plots every part of the examination report. The condition of the carrier business is truculent right now and the interest has decline strongly brought about by numerous elements which is influenced to the Airline Company. Other than that, the worldwide aircraft industry has conjecture of more profound misfortune as per the global air transport affiliation. Lately aircraft industry has been experiencing serious choppiness and confronted its longest most profound emergency. Be that as it may, at the large scale monetary level Asia Pacific development is noteworthy in light of the fact that Asian transporters drove productivity with US$1.5 billion while other district are battling, for example, US or European bearer lost in US billion. In the area working edges found the middle value of under 2%, still the best execution on the planet however most are underneath the 7% to 8% expected to take care of the expense of capital and give financial specialists a satisfactory return. At first, the emergency brought about by the downturn o f financial emergency, the outer stuns, for example, the 11 September 2001 fear monger assaults, and the SARS pestilence. The business monetary effect is evaluated at RM 11.9 trillion, which is about 7.5% of the world total national output annum. Nonetheless, as indicated by the absolute traveler traffic in carrier industry has extended quickly with progressively by 5% somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2005, with a real drop in 2001. (WTO, 2007). The improvement of air transport is a significant outside trade worker in the administration segment and creating complete system of air terminal to encourage exchange, the travel industry and accelerate financial turn of events. In Malaysia, the Malaysia Airport Berhad was fused in year 1991 spotlights on activity and the board. Malaysia air terminal has consistently rebuilt and ready to work the air terminal with lavishly business heading as of late. What's more, the aircraft administration in Malaysia comprises of the household and global. The worldwide air terminal in Malaysia just situated in specific states which are in Kuala Lumpur (KLIA), Penang, Langkawi, Kota Kinabalu, and Kuching. A portion of the residential air terminals are situated in each other state, for example, Perak, Kedah, Melaka, Sabah and Sarawak. There are four unique sorts of the aircraft organizations in Malaysia, for example, Malaysia Airline System which is MAS, Air Asia, Firefly and Berjaya-Air. Besides, these aircraft organizations are in various position and they are utilizing diverse system to target distinctive gathering of client. There are three distinctive sort of Airline Business Model in Malaysia, for example, full-administration transporters, minimal effort bearers and contract bearers. Full-administration transporter like MAS is characterized as an aircraft organization created from the previous state-possessed banner bearer, through the market deregulation process into a carrier organization. Then again, minimal effort bearer like Air Asia and Fire-Fly is characterized as a low charge or no nonsense aircraft, and they are intended to have an upper hand in term of expenses over a full-administration transporter. Finally, sanction transporter like Berjaya-Air is characterized as the aircraft organization that works trips outside typical timetables, by a recruiting course of action with a specific client. The main capacity is to move holidaymakers to traveler goals. Because of the reduction of development rate and income, carrier organizations in Malaysia are having a high rivalry so as to procure and hold the clients. Along these lines, the essential serious weapon that Airline Company utilized is the cost. Other than that, they have to look through increasingly different approaches to build their administration quality and item separation to get the market advantage. The procedures that Airline Company embraced are the usage of limit controls, separated estimating by showcase portion, oftentimes flyer programs, and enhancing time execution to incite travelers repurchase aim. Henceforth, the aircraft industrys rivalry is exceptionally wild. So as to increase upper hand, the significant factor is improving the aircraft administration quality to the travelers. As indicated by the Ostrowski et al (1993) shows that aircraft could get and hold their client unwaveringness on the off chance that they are proceeding to give apparent top notch administrations. As the end, Airline Company gives the predominant assistance quality is significant and it is the primary plan for all carriers so as to stay serious. Key Players in Malaysia Airline Industry Global Airline Company Neighborhood Airline Company Jetstar Asia Airways Malaysia Airline System Cathay Pacific Air Asia Bangkok Airways Fire-Fly China Airlines Berjaya-Air Air Japan Airfast Indonesia Vietnam Airlines Korean Air 1.2 Problem Statement Travel is the fantasy for each individuals as it can let individuals to accomplish a loosening up temperament and investigate to the around the world. With the necessities of individuals to go the world over, it encourages carrier industry to proceed grow their business. Be that as it may, numerous outside components have been influencing the aircraft business difficult to perform well. At year 2009, financial emergency brought down the buying intensity of voyager. Individuals attempt to set aside their cash and lessen the recurrence of voyaging. This has cause the business execution of carrier industry decline drastically. Also, the ailments, for example, SARS and H1N1 have been terrifying the individuals to make a trip to another nation. Individuals rather remain at home for their wellbeing reason. Political dependability of one nation likewise turns into a significant factor lead to the readiness of individuals to travel. The temperamental political condition, for example, Thailand will cause individuals not to make a trip to that specific nation. The outside components are giving a major effect on the business execution of a carrier organization. The profoundly serious of aircraft industry after the passage of AirAsia Airline in year 2001 caused the carrier organization need to utilize more methodologies to draw in the client. At the main, Malaysia Airline imposing business model the carrier business which there is no other aircraft organization rivals it. Since AirAsia Airline go into the market offering the minimal effort air trip to the client has been causing the aircraft business to turn out to be progressively serious. So as to hold the client Malaysia Airline likewise attempts to advance their air flight ticket at lower cost at non top season to draw in the client. All things considered, client despite everything switches between Malaysia Airline and AirAsia Airline regularly. This thusly implies minimal effort air charges doesn't build the consumer loyalty to proceed with support to the specific carrier organization. We have to find the factor which to upgrade the consumer loyalty all together faithful to just a single carrier organization. There is absence of exploration from the past examinations towards the factor which can expand the fulfillment of air flight travelers. Along these lines, we have to do this examination so as to make sense of the factor that cause the clients fulfill with the administration nature of aircraft administration. Examination Objective The motivation behind the examination of this investigation can be partitioned into two classes which are general target and explicit goals as beneath: General Objective The target of this examination is to decide the overall effect of three components of administration quality (unwavering quality and client care, comfort and openness, and in-flight administration); aircraft picture and travelers fulfillment on repurchase aim among Malaysian carrier travelers. Explicit Objective To inspect the effect of administration quality in term of unwavering quality and client support, accommodation and openness, and in-flight administration toward travelers fulfillment and aircraft picture. To inspect the effect of administration quality in term of unwavering quality and client support, accommodation and openness, and in-flight administration toward travelers fulfillment. To inspect the effect of administration quality in term of unwavering quality and client support, accommodation and openness, and in-flight administration toward aircraft picture. To inspect the effect of travelers fulfillments toward aircraft picture. To inspect the effect of travelers fulfillment toward repurchase expectation. To inspect the overall impacts of travelers fulfillment, carrier picture on repurchase goal. Exploration Questions We will in general improve our understanding whether there are any interrelated of each components of the administration quality, carrier travelers fulfillment, aircraft picture towards future travelers repurchase aim by answer as beneath questions: Does Airline administration quality (dependability and client support, accommodation and openness, and in-flight administration) have beneficial outcome on travelers fulfillment and carrier picture? Which of the component of the administration quality contribute the most to the consumer loyalty? Which of the component of the administration quality contribute the most to the aircraft picture? Will travelers fulfillment improve aircraft picture? Will fulfilled travelers lead to their repurchase expectation? Will travelers fulfillment and carrier picture impact travelers future repurchase goal? Speculation The following are the speculations that canvassed in this examination: Speculation 1a H0: There is a positive connection among reliabilty and cus

Civil liberties, habeas corpus and war on terror

Common freedoms, habeas corpus and war on dread Presentation Habeas corpus is one of the legitimate standards, which establish the establishment of law in America. The standard empowers a person to challenge confinement. This is an indispensable standard in law whose application has to a great extent relied upon systems, the administration approach and security challenges that an administration encounters.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Civil freedoms, habeas corpus and war on fear explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various systems have applied the guideline in various manners (Halliday, 2011). The variety in the application has been dubious with the beginning of war on dread (WON). Legitimate obstacles have debilitated WON as systems look to hold foe warriors with no preliminary. In any case, the nearness of this provision restrains the capacity of specialists to keep suspects without starting hearings (Fiss, 2006). The congress and the president have the ability to lift the privile ge to habeas corpus. The use of this privilege is to a great extent reliant on the security challenges that a system experiences. In that capacity, the suspension of habeas corpus relies upon the security challenges that a legislature is experiencing. Meaning of habeas corpus regarding the American constitution, habeas corpus is an essential rule of opportunity. The phrasing implies ‘to benefit the body’ in Latin. Therefore, it empowers people to get to opportunity from detainment with no preliminary. The American constitution manages its populace with the privilege to request to this lawful statement. In such cases, the American government needs to reply to the court. The administration needs to give solid motivations to holding an individual. In this way, the court decides if the reasons gave are satisfactory to permit the faltering of this crucial right. Habeas corpus in America is a lot of like the relating law in England. The American law exuded from the English re solutions. Be that as it may, there are various alterations in the particular countries to suit their conditions. There are sure reasons that lead to lifting of this right. They incorporate disobedience and insurance of open security. Over years, the utilization of habeas corpus has changed with innumerable encroachments by specialists (Hafetez, 2011). War on dread The WON has finished in contention inferable from the government’s confinement of regular folks accepted to be adversary soldiers. The use of this crucial guideline has been damaged by resulting systems as they try to confine warriors. The test that the administration experiences is the indictment of the supposed warriors in regular citizen court. Thusly, the fear charges would not remain under the steady gaze of judges and a large portion of the warriors would be set free.Advertising Looking for inquire about paper on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Lear n More To forestall this, the administration sees foe warriors as psychological militants. This empowers the position to confine such suspects in spite of the wrongdoing of such detainments. The Bush organization experienced various difficulties as it was holding speculated hoodlums without preliminary. Attributable to this test, the Bush system couldn't successfully execute its methodologies during the WOT. Along these lines, it looked to manufacture a holding camp in a spot where the American constitution had no purview. Guantanamo inlet was built ashore rented from the Cuban power. All things considered, the American constitution had no ward. The administration held fear suspects on the island with no preliminary. The privilege to habeas corpus was not pertinent on this detainment camp (Fiss, 2006). Cases testing confinement The activity to hold prisoners in Guantanamo was tested severally. In Boumediene v. Shrub, the court decided that Boumediene, a Bosnia and Herzegovina nation al reserved the option to argue to habeas corpus. Thus, his confinement was unlawful. The court choice finished from 5-4 lion's share in the decision. The use of separate cases implied that the American constitution had locale in Guantanamo since America had total power and authority over the domain. The choice by the Supreme Court brought about ensuing cases relating to one side. Different speculates looked to argue to one side (Cornell University Law School 2007). Be that as it may, their endeavors were shortened by enactment. In ensuing cases relating to prisoners held in the Guantanamo camp, the court decided that the confinement was illicit. Thus, the legislature illuminated the approaching emergency by building up the Combatants status audit court. The prisoners held in the camp were to confront a military commission since the administration precluded preliminaries in regular citizen courts (Cornell University Law School 2007). Courts’ job in the usage of habeas corpus considering the above cases, the court practiced supreme expert on the capacity of any prisoner to argue to this habeas corpus. The locale of the court restricted the capacity of the guard office to break this right. Be that as it may, somewhat the president won since the prisoners didn't get the privilege to arraignment in a non military personnel court. In the event that the procedure were in regular citizen courts, the vast majority of the prisoners would be liberated. This would frustrate the WOT since the non military personnel courts would set free such prisoners. The legislature saw the indictment of adversary warriors in regular citizen courts as counterproductive (Hephaestus Books 2011).Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Civil freedoms, habeas corpus and war on dread explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Previous rates of suspension habeas corpus’ The Congress and the president can practice their position and breaking point t he privilege to request to one side. President Lincoln did as such during the common war when some portion of America was under foe powers. The suspension of this rights brought about the foundation of military courts to manage the agitators that needed to hold onto the capital. Be that as it may, Lincoln confronted a forceful senate once it continued from break. The high court in Maryland upset Lincoln choice relating to one side of habeas corpus. Be that as it may, the president accepted the court’s choice and kept on suspending this privilege with respect to soldiers. When the senate continued it passed enactment supporting the president’s activity. The president’s activities were fundamental since American was experiencing a disobedience. As indicated by Sir William Blackstone, one of the rulers that were vital in the formation of this rule the King needed to know about any retrains regarding his matters. When the English legitimate framework was completely activity, the lawful sculptures given that the privilege must be deferred during an insubordination or an attack. This is a lot of like what the legitimate resolutions in America give. So also, during the Second World War the president could suspend habeas corpus. Nonetheless, the court restricted the suspension of this option to just violations that identify with war as it were. In the event that habeas corpus was suspended, the appropriate law just applied to violations relating to intrusion, foe warriors and uprisings. In the above situation, the courts likewise constrained the suspension of this right. This restricts the abuse of the suspension of habeas corpus (Fiss, 2006). Congress and the president The congress being a definitive administrative body has the ability to decide different parts of habeas corpus. The congress has sanctioned laws, which decides the utilization of habeas corpus. Clearly, changes to this privilege primarily result from the security challenges that th e country is experiencing. The modifications have tried to affirm measures to confine soldiers or suspects who undermine the wellbeing of America. The congress originally adjusted the privilege to habeas corpus was during the Lincoln time, when the president suspended this privilege as the senate was in break. In spite of showdowns in congress, representatives approved the president’s official request to suspend habeas corpus. The subsequent circumstance, which required the suspension of habeas corpus, was during World War II (Chemerisnky, 1987). Legitimate changes inferable from WON The Oklahoma and twin towers assaults are other security challenges that have finished in the suspension of this right. The last brought about huge lawful changes to manage dread. Be that as it may, adjustments have experienced difficulties on the off chance that they encroach on the sacred privileges of a person.Advertising Searching for inquire about paper on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The 2001 presidential military request authorized confinement of people accepted to participate in fear based oppressor exercises with no lawful procedures to demonstrate their blamelessness. Lawful researchers were against such a request since it damaged habeas corpus. In spite of the endorsement of detainment dependent on fear based oppressor doubts, the Supreme Court demonstrated the incomparability of the rights settled in the constitution through different decisions, for example, Hamdi v Rumsfield. Cases such Boumediene v. Shrubbery and Hamdi v. Rumsfield had disagreeing judges. Be that as it may, it was fundamental that the court watched the constitution. This is on the grounds that habeas corpus is an essential ideal for any individual controlled by American specialists. Subsequently, suspending it without giving a prisoner a possibility at judges penetrates the essential rights settled in the constitution. Dissimilar to in past situations where the lawful framework avoided ma intaining the law when the official contradicts it, the court rose as an autonomous organ of administration by naming the confinements unlawful (Perkins, 2004). Individual perspectives on habeas corpus Habeas corpus is a key right in any free society. In that capacity, it is crucial to maintain it. Regardless of the intricate security challenges t

How to Prepare Your Essay For the GRE

How to Prepare Your Essay For the GREIf you need to write a GRE analytical writing sample then this article should help. You may be looking for some better ways to make up your mind or decide on which topic to write your essay on. It is important that the topic of your essay reflects the opinions of you and your fellow students in a way that it will stand out and be enjoyed by other readers of the final paper.An essay should make sense in every aspect and never confuse readers. To do this, analyze and write a well-written essay you will need to be prepared with GRE analytical writing samples that can help you make sense of the materials that you will be reading and writing in the course of your course.The importance of analyzing and reviewing your essays is so important that you will need to follow some strict rules in order to make sure that your essays make sense. It is also a good idea to have a mentor read and critique your essays before writing them. Of course, there are many th ings that a mentor can do that you cannot.However, a mentor can provide insight as to what works well and what does not so that you know what you are doing in regards to your essays and how to write the best possible essays. The best thing that you can do is to follow a few tips that have been proven to work time again.The first tip to follow is to have an essay for each topic you are going to write about. In other words, you should write one essay per topic. This will help you get organized and review all of your essays and you will find it easier to read and understand what you are writing.Next, do not summarize your essays. Many students and professors will only give you four or five paragraphs to summarize your essays. You can easily lose an entire paragraph or two when writing a good sentence to summarize your essay.One quick side note to follow is to use simple language throughout your essays. Use very short sentences, put sentences together when necessary and avoid using long and complicated words when possible. It is far better to use simple and easy to understand language.Finally, always remember to proofread your essays. Make sure that your grammar and punctuation are correct before you submit your essay. Remember, this is the last chance for you to make a good impression in this class.

Attitude - 1230 Words

ATTITUDE Introduction Attitude refers to a learned tendency to evaluate things in a special ways which may include evaluation of people, issues, object, or event. The evaluation can be positive or negative and can be uncertain at times. Researcher who took a more behavioural stance define attitude as predisposition to respond consistently in a positive or negative way to some person, object, or situation. Psychologist are in a better position to meet the goals of psychology (describe, explain, predict and influence) when they know the attitude of people. COMPONENT OF ATTITUDE Attitude have been seen as having three dimensions which include A. Cognitive: this represents belief, thought and expectation held about the object of ones†¦show more content†¦A. Daryl Bem’s (1972) Self- perception theory: it says that when people do not always know how they think or feel about an issue as a result of that they sometime infer their attitudes from observing their own behaviour. B. Cognitive consistency theory: according to this theory, people need to feel that their attitude matches or are in harmony with one another. C. Leon Festinger’s (1957) Cognitive dissonance theory: we feel tension when we notice that we have two or more inconsistent thought and we are then strongly motivated to make changes in our attitude restore the consistency. CONDITONS UNDER WHICH ATTITDE GUIDES BEHAVIOUR 1. Pretty and Krosnick 1995, when the person attitude is strong. E.g. people who have a strong favourable attitude towards Mills will vote for him than those who have moderate favourable attitude towards him. 2. Fazio and Oers 1982, when a person shows a strong awareness of his or her attitudes, the person rehearses and practices them in public. 3. Davidson and Jacards 1990, when the attitude is relevant to the behaviour. E.g. one study found the general attitude towards birth control was virtually unrelated to the use of birth pills in the following two years. 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To the contrary, a ‘temporary construction’ is to construct an attitudeRead MoreThe Theories Of Attitude Change927 Words   |  4 Pages Theories of Attitude Change Attitude change has been largely researched and has found that it can be brought about through multiple but I will primarily focus on situations such as persuasive messages, cognitive dissonance, emotion (Petty et. al, 1984; Petty, Wegner, n.d; Hastings et al, 2004). Persuasion Persuasion is described as the â€Å"presentation† of persuasive material (Petty Cacioppo, 1984). In order to understand persuasion influences on attitude change, analyzing the cognitive processRead MoreUnderstanding The Attitudes Of Others2131 Words   |  9 PagesUnderstanding the attitudes of others is critical in attempting persuasion. In the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), persuasion splits into two routes: peripheral and central routes. 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It will begin with a brief explanation of Fodor’s theory of folk psychology and his ideas of propositional attitudes, and will continue with an in depth analysis of Stich’s critique of Fodor’s representational theory of mind, specifically Stich’s discussion of the problems posed by ideological similarity and the consequencesRead MoreCompare and Contrast Two Methods for Achieving Attitude Change through Persuasion1502 Words   |  7 PagesAttitudes refer to one’s evaluations of the social world: others, objects and ideas. These overall evalu ations can be positive, negative, or neutral, vary in their extremity and be based on a variety of information (Tesser and Martin, 1996; Petty, Wheeler, and Tormala, 2003 ). A popular conceptualization of the attitude construct, the tripartite theory, holds that there are three primary types of information in which attitudes can be based (Breckler, 1984; Rosenberg Hovland, 1960; Zanna RempelRead MoreCultural Pluralism Course At The Harvard Implicit Association Test ( Iat )828 Words   |  4 PagesThe first assignment in our Cultural Pluralism course was to take part in several individual studies as part of the Harvard Implicit Association Test (IAT). Each of the studies measures a person’s attitudes and beliefs that they may not be willing or unable to express and to write about our experience. For some individuals, taking these types of tests would be possibly a little unsettling. As for myself, I was very sure that I had a strong understanding of who I am and what I beli eve, so I thoughtRead MoreArt of the Funnies: Attitude 2 a Cartoon by Ted Rall664 Words   |  3 PagesAttitude 2 is a cartoon done by Ted Rall that is poorly done. It is considered to be a bad comic by the standards by the article The Art of the Funnies: An Aesthetic History by Robert C. Harvey. There were many things that made this very poorly done. The first thing is the progression was not done very well at all. Also the graphic variety of the cartoon was bad, showing small variety. Another thing that was poorly done was the style of it, all seemed very similar. Lastly the main problem was the

Should Juveniles Be Tried as Adults in the Justice System

Should Juveniles be tried as adults in the Justice System, or should they have to endure the same punishment. Delinquency in the Juvenile Justice system was really low in the 90’s. Crimes committed now by young offenders are getting high since the 90’s. There are an estimated number of young offenders that commit murder and that has increase to 30 percent, According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. â€Å"The Justice Department estimates that about 10 percent of all homicides are committed by juveniles under the age of 18. Nearly every year, the FBI arrests more than 33,000 young adults under the age of 18 for offenses.† There was a case with a young Juvenile who is facing 110 years in prison, for second-degree attempted murder and the use of a weapon to commit a felony. It all started in the month of November in Omaha, Nebraska. When William the young Juvenile and two other individuals got pulled over by a police officer, for a minor traffic citation, William got scared and drove off when the officer’s finally stop the vehicle William pulled out a fire arm and pointed at the cops, lucky he was not shot. When he gave himself in, the court looked at his back ground to see how they would convict him, that’s when they found that he was also charged with robbery and assault in another county. So for his troublesome history and the serious nature of the crime, the county attorneys office stated. He was given that amount of time since he is a danger toShow MoreRelatedShould Juveniles be Tried in the Adult Criminal Justice System?624 Words   |  3 Pagescase for many juveniles, some as young as 13! A juvenile is subject to a more severe sentence with the limited sentencing available. It is estimated that 250,000 youth are prosecuted as adults, each year. This number should change, as juveniles are not adults, both mentally and physically. Juveniles need an environment surrounded with guiding adults, education and the resources to help them. A juvenile is not an adult, and should not be tried as one. The environment in adult facilities is immenselyRead MoreEssay on Juveniles Tried as Adults843 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion #1 A juvenile being tried as an adult is a very sensitive and controversial issue over the past years. There has been a significant increase in the number of juvenile offenders being tried in adult courts for serious crimes. Juveniles should be tried as adults depending on the seriousness of the crime that they commit. There are many factors that contribute to juvenile courts and to what extent a juvenile should be tried as an adult. The juvenile justice system was intended to rehabilitateRead MoreEssay On Juveniles Should Be Tried As Adults949 Words   |  4 Pages Keigen S. Daniels Juvenile Delinquency October 20, 2017 Should Juveniles be Tried as Adults? Should juveniles be tried as adults? In some cases, I believe so. I believe they should be tried as adults if the murder someone. Other crimes they should be tried by the juvenile justice system. When deciding whether or not to try a juvenile as an adult for a particular crime, you need to know everything. Whether or not they have a psychological disadvantage, how they were raisedRead MoreShould The Texas Criminal Justice System Be Legal?1375 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen known to have a strict criminal justice system. The justice system in Texas used to hang criminals for serious crimes they were convicted of doing. Texas has never been faced with the question we face them with today. Should the Texas criminal justice system be able to charge juveniles as adults in trials when faced with serious charges? Prosecutors are using both sides of this argument to their advantage. In Texas, the Juvenile Law states that, â€Å"a juvenile is defined as a person who is not oldRead MoreJuveniles And The Criminal Justice System1594 Words   |  7 Pages Juveniles and the Criminal Justice System There is much debate over whether or not juveniles should ever be tried as adults. Juveniles are defined as children under the age of 18. In the past, juveniles have been tried in a separate juvenile court because of their age. However, trying juveniles as adults for violent crimes is a trend that is on the rise. Age is supposed to be a deterrent for placing those under 18 on trial and giving them stiffer punishments that are often reserved for adults. ManyRead MoreJuveniles Should Be Tried During Adult Court1383 Words   |  6 PagesRaven Leal Ms. Huber AP Lang/Comp 6 6 March 2015 Juveniles Should Be Tried in Adult Court Kenzie Houk had everything going for her. She was twenty-six, engaged to the love of her life, and was eight-and-a-half months pregnant. In the late winter of 2009, her four-year-old daughter waddled in her bedroom, hoping to surprise her mommy with a good morning smile. Instead, she found her mother with a bullet through her head. Eleven-year-old Jordan Brown, the soon-to-be stepson of Kenzie Houk, was arrestedRead MoreThe Main Aim Of Eradicating Criminal From The Society1439 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Crimes The main aim of eradicating criminal from the society is to enhance peaceful coexistence among people and to aid development. In this regard, individuals who fail to fit in this setting should be eradicated regardless of their age and made responsible for their actions. Releasing murderers, rapists, and other criminals from jail after serving a lenient and short sentence does not rehabilitate them in any way. In this regard, all those who are engaged in criminal activities that riskRead MoreJuveniles Being Tried as Adults1328 Words   |  6 Pagesidea of a juvenile or teenager being tried as an adult has been a very controversial issue. When a juvenile commits a very heinous crime, many believe that that youth deserves to be tried as an adult, and given a full sentence. Some even believe that these juveniles deserve to go to adult prison. When a child kills, does he instantly become an adult? Or does he maintain some trappings of childhood, despite the gravity of his actions? (Reave s Para 1). What draws the line between a juvenile and adultRead MoreProsecuting Juveniles In Adult Court1510 Words   |  7 PagesProsecuting Juveniles in Adult Court Kimberly Washington Introduction to Statistics for Criminal Justice Ayana Conway, Ph.D., Assistant Professor September 30, 2013 Abstract This research paper will examine whether or not juveniles that commit violent crimes should be tried as an adult. Through research, I will establish an argument that children who commit the crimes of an adult should be punished as an adult. Data based on experience and observation detailing the number of juvenile offendersRead MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried as Adults? Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesApril 29, 2012 Should Juveniles be tried as Adults? There are many controversies that surround juveniles being rehabilitated rather than going through the adult justice system, but studies show that juveniles are not fully developed to be tried as an adult. One of the main questions that it always boils down to is â€Å"should juveniles be tried as adults?† in my opinion juveniles should not be tried as adults because of their age. First, I believe that juveniles should not be tried as adults because their

Plato s Classical Athenian Architecture, Drama, And Arts

Plato Plato was born around 428 B.C., Both of Plato’s parents were from distinguished aristocratic families. Besides being born into an illustrious family, Plato was born into an illustrious city. He was born in the wake of Athens’s Golden Age, the period that had witnessed Athens’s the beginning of the strongest Greek power, the birth of classical Athenian architecture, drama, and arts. His father Ariston died when he was a child. His mother Perictione remarried the politician Pyrilampes. He was educated in philosophy, poetry and gymnastics by distinguished Athenian teachers including the philosopher Cratylus. It was also at an early age, probably in adolescence, that Plato began to hear Socrates, who engaged a variety of people in Athens†¦show more content†¦Plato what is at stake is a clash between what we might call comprehensive world-views; it seems that matters of grave importance in ethics, politics, metaphysics, theology, and e are at stake. Plato agrees that Homer is indeed the educator of Greece, and immediately adds that Homer is â€Å"the most poetic and first of the tragic poets.† Plato is setting himself against what he takes to be the entire outlook in contemporary. Since Homer shaped the popular culture of the times, Plato is setting himself against popular culture as he knew it. Plato has in his sights all of â€Å"poetry,† contending that its influence is pervasive and often harmful, and that its insite about nature and the divine are mistaken. It is not easy to understand what Plato means by poetry, whether it is dangerous because of its form or content or both. These questions are complicated by the fact that Plato was not thinking of poetry as a written text read in silence; he had in mind performances, often experienced in theater. When Socrates and Plato conducted their inquiries, poetry was far more influential than what Plato calls â€Å"philosophy.† Few people today would imagine that there is any interesting relation between poetry and rhetoric. To think of great poets as â€Å"rhetoricians† seems weird, and most rhetoricians do not seem to know the first thing about poetry. Yet Plato himself associates the two very closely: at Gorgias he characterizesShow MoreRelatedAncient Greece : A True Civilization1507 Words   |  7 PagesSouth Eugene High School Classical Greece A True Civilization Joshua Soifer and Remy Dunn Eurasian History Mr. Yamada October 6 2017 As the politician and bishop Stephen Gardiner once claimed, â€Å"The center of Western culture is Greece, and we have never lost our ties with the architectural concepts of that ancient civilization†. In many ways, through their academic pursuits, philosophical ideologies, or advanced trade systems, Ancient Greek culture has proven to be theRead MoreAncient Greek Culture2704 Words   |  11 Pageshave chosen the field that I am studying right now. I feel that it was always interesting to learn about Ancient Greece and its culture in music and poems. Not only does it set music apart, but it also tells an interesting tale with its art, literature, architecture, important people, and historical significance or relevance. Now you know that I am a girl who enjoys a great tune and also enjoys delving in the history and culture of many ancient cities. Now let’s get started. One thing that sets AncientRead MoreThe Golden Ages : Greece, Rome, and China Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesThe Golden Ages : Greece, Rome, and China The Golden Ages of Greece, Rome, and China were periods when certain cultures reached many achievements in certain fields. These fields could include drama, poetry, sculpture, philosophy, architecture, math or science. Their achievements in education, technology, and government have greatly influenced modern society. The artistic and literal legacies of these periods continue to instruct and inspire people today (Beck 120). In Ancient Greece, theRead MoreGreek Mythology8088 Words   |  33 Pages  The  predictions  of  the  oracles,  delivered  in  the  form  of  riddles,   often  brought  unexpected  results  to  the  seeker.  With  Ionic  columns  reaching  19.5  m  (64  ft)  high,  these  ruins   suggest  the  former  grandeur  of  the  ancient  temple.   Bernard  Cox/Bridgeman  Art  Library,  London/New  York   Greek  Mythology,  set  of  diverse  traditional  tales  told  by  the  ancient  Greeks  about  the  exploits  of  gods   and  heroes  and  their  relations  with  ordinary  mortals.   The  ancient  Greeks  worshiped  many  gods  within  a  culture  that  tolerated  diversity

Heart Of Darkness Essay Thesis Example For Students

Heart Of Darkness Essay Thesis Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad is a fictional novel with an overflow of symbolism. Throughout the entire novel Conrad uses a plethora of simple colors, objects, and places in order to clarify very complex meanings. By doing this, Conrad is able to lure the reader into a world unlike his or her own: the Congo River, located in central Africa. Although the interpretation of these symbols is so elaborate, the simplicity of each makes it somewhat easy to overlook. A few examples of the many symbols found in Conrads novel include the jungle, as well as the colors of white and black, better known as the colors of life and death. In Heart of Darkness, the images of black and white have the usual connotations of evil and good. These pigments are found throughout the entire book. Ironically, although black, the native Africans seem to represent a sort of good by doing what they feel is right. On the other hand, the white foreigners carry themselves with some kind of evil as they exploit the great kindness of the blacks. I guess you could say that the white men were filled with a black hatred inside. Another example is found when Marlow enters the Belgian companys office. Sitting in the office are two women dressed almost completely in black. Marlow is no beginning to understand the seriousness of the journey he is going to make. Even his predecessor dies because of a quarrel over two black hens. The usage of black is almost too much to handle. Another example that I alsoremembered from the movie was how Kurtzs pictures were always placed within a dark ebony back round. Another ironic example is the continued description of the white ivory. Its beautiful white shine makes it look righteous, even though it really demonstrates a great evil as the elephants were being destroyed along with other people.Other colors were of importance as well to truly understand the symbolic nature of the story. The plaid patches and trimmings on the Russians harlequin clothes portray his ever-changing moods and foolish, light-hearted behavior. By simply using a description of clothing, Conrad is able to show us how he tends to stay out of trouble with his befriending nature. The color yellow will usually symbolize some sort of corruption or decay. We first read about yellow as it marks the area of Congo on the map in the Brussels office. The last of the symbolic hues is a dreary pale expression. The pale look of the ivory companys manager denotes death. Pale is thought of as deathly because of a quote in the bible about a pale horse being ridden. Riding that horse is none other than death himself. I also noticed in the movie how the oil paintings that Kurtz drew of his wife contained almost an ill complexion. Her colorless face represents her grief due to the fact that her lover had not returned. The colors of the book give out a certain sense of sadness. Not much joy is present to be found. Certain objects and places can be considered as symbolic features as well. The amazingly thick jungle in Congo seems to bring about some sort of truth or reality. The explorers or ivory hunters are stepping out of their perfect little world full of riches and wealth, and are entering a place where none of that matters. They find themselves in horrible situation where harsh reality is kicking in. Within the jungle, a tall, dense grass is mentioned a multitude of times. Many of the huts or houses are almost buried in the greens. .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497 , .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497 .postImageUrl , .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497 , .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497:hover , .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497:visited , .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497:active { border:0!important; } .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497:active , .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497 .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc6e21855fff62d0a653f6258ee5f9497:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Superheroes Essay The working men have to wade through it while burning every bit of their energy. This symbol was also taken from the scriptures of the bible. The bible states, they are like the grass: in the morning, it flourisheth; in the evening, it is cut down and withereth. Basically this passage is saying that the mens wickedness, as well as their goodness, is temporary. Like grass, it can grow tremendously, but soon fade only to rise again. The last of the many symbols I will write about is something that is mainly

Nutrition Facts of Healthy and Unhealthy free essay sample

The Restaurant I have picked for my Healthy meal is McDonalds. I have picked the Cesar salad with grilled chicken topped with Cesar dressing and a large unsweetened Ice tea. In my meal it contains calories, calories fat, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, carbohydrates, fiber, sugar, protein, vitamin a, vitamin c, calcium and iron. Over all the meal is healthy and will meet my daily amount needed. However The Vitamin A may be too low. A total needed to consume per day is 5,000. In this meal there is only 160 grams of vitamin a consumed.Vitamin A helps your eyesight, bones, ability to produce offspring, immunity and how your cells divide and differentiate. Vitamin an also affects the condition of your skin, hair and teeth. Although the sodium level is less than the daily maximum this is high in sodium. A daily maximum of intake of sodium is 2200 mg. Excessive consumption can stop proper absorption of nutrients and disrupt body functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrition Facts of Healthy and Unhealthy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The body needs some sodium to help regulate the amount of water in the body and for muscles to work correctly.It also is needed to help the nervous system to send signals between the brain and muscles. Excess intake of sodium in the daily diet may lead to Hypertension (High blood pressure) and obesity which, in turn, may lead to a host of dietary diseases. It is well known that excess sodium leads to hypertension. The link between high blood pressure, also known as the silent killer, and heart disease is well established. Heart disease is one of the most likely causes of death in the USA. After my research just because something appears to be healthy it does no necessarily mean that it is.

Sarah Kemble Knight essays

Sarah Kemble Knight essays What would a woman in the 1700s be doing riding on horseback across country by herself? This question seems shocking to some but not to a woman like Sarah Kemble Knight. She was the daughter of a Boston merchant and married a sea captain. In her quest from Boston to New York, we will look at the aspect she had on her journey. The differences she noted in her diary about how she portrayed the people of that time, and the religion that Sarah had in her life. Sarah was a Puritan woman, and with keeping that in mind she had great humor in her writings. She portrayed herself as humorous and her surroundings also. The still all too common stereotype of Puritans is that of somber and unsmiling. The Puritans belief was to serve God and their husbands. After reading the introduction, Sarah lost her father in 1689 and with her husband out to sea she assumed the responsibilities of the household, as with many other women of this time. Through the history books women are portrayed as being seen but not heard and through the readings of American Literature I have come to realize that women played a very important role in this era. Women were often far from ideal and in a frontier society they sometimes had to take on mens work. Usually on the death of their husbands and fathers the women had to become printers, stationers, writers, and innkeepers. Knight was an unusually independent woman for her time. During her lifetime she supported herself and her family by running a shop, teaching handwriting to children, copying legal documents, and taking in boarders. In the journal that Knight kept of her journey, she described what it was like to travel on horseback, accompanied by a mail carrier and other travelers. The road was rough, the rivers were treacherous and this frightened Sarah very much. The fear she was feeling did not dampen her spirits of the journey. Her imagination ran wild with the vividness of her ...

Statement of purpose Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Of purpose - Personal Statement Example onjunction with having pursued additional course modules on English as a Second Language at ELS Charlotte, English language at the English Language Center, and Intermediate Algebra I acknowledged that in contemporary times, the role that technology plays in education is paramount. I would like to specialize on technology tools, applications, development of instructional designs that integrate technology in the fast changing contemporary learning environment, among others. I strongly believe that Utah State University accords the most effective dynamic and multi-dimensional approach that would assist in achieving my goals. As I am indebted to my home country for according me with opportunities for professional growth, I plan to apply what I would be learning in advanced knowledge, skills, and competencies to educational institutions in my home country; where I plan to teach in post-secondary or undergraduate levels. I am confident that the wealth of diverse learning that would be generated from Utah State University would enable me to be an instrumental contributor to the growths and developments of students who would be under my direct tutelage; and more so, on the educational institutions that I plan to propose improvements in the learning

Effectiveness of Employee Motivation in Google Coursework

Effectiveness of Employee Motivation in Google - Coursework Example This research will begin with the statement that motivation as explained by Burrus et al, is a multifaceted dynamic of forces, desires, drives, and other mechanisms within an individual that establish and uphold voluntary effort directed toward the accomplishment of a particular task or objective. Drawing reference from this definition, employee motivation can be termed as the psychological forces directed at an employee’s behavior in an organization so as to influence their level of effort and diligence in the duties assigned to them. Employers who take the initiative of motivating their employees are in a better position to acquire better organizational productivity, better employee participation and teamwork, and a better average turnover. Google is an American conglomerate, which specializes in providing internet-based services such as search engine service, cloud computing, manufacture and sale of software, as well as online marketing services. Most of Google’s pro fits come from AdWords. Its hasty growth since incorporation has elicited a series of merchandises, acquisitions, and mergers. As a result, Google is one of the corporations with the largest employee base in the world of around 37,000 in 40 countries. Contemporary conglomerates are relentlessly coming up with new methods and techniques to acquire top talent, keep hold of that top talent, and come up with imaginative ways to keep them motivates for paramount productivity. The essay will explore how Google Inc has structured its management so as to endow its employees with the best environment and how it motivates it's them with intrinsic and extrinsic techniques. The essay will also investigate on how effective the motivation techniques adopted by Google Inc have been in streamlining the employees’ effort in the direction of realizing the corporation’s objectives. Before exploring the motivation techniques adopted by Google Inc, it is important to understand some of the theories of motivation so as to get acquainted with the theory Google Inc favors most. Companies have to come up with intrinsic and extrinsic methods of motivation to acquire and maintain top talent. Studies have revealed established valuable theories that are of the essence in the developing strategies of motivation. In the paper, there are the four major theories that have been established.

Mental Imagery Vividness Essay Example for Free

Mental Imagery Vividness Essay Abstract This review examined the hypothesis that mental imagery vividness can be used as a predictor of hallucinatory experience. Earlier studies provided supporting evidences to this hypothesis, showing hallucinating population has higher mental imagery vividness comparing to nonhallucianting population. However, as a result of varied operationalization and measurements of mental imagery, contradicting results abound, showing no significant difference of mental imagery vividness between halluciantors and nonhallucinators. No clear evidences can be used to determine whether the hypothesis is valid or not so far. On the other hand, development of neurological studies provided a new perspective for looking into the relationship between mental imagery and the experience of hallucination. Keywords: mental imagery vividness, hallucination, schizophrenia Mental Imagery Vividness as a Predictor of Hallucination: A Literature Review Mental imagery, as defined by Finke (1989), is an experience significantly resembling that of perceiving, but it occurs in the absence of an adequate physical stimulus. It exists in all of the seven sensory modalities, such as visual, auditory, and olfactory (Thomas, 1999). Mental imagery is believed to be in close relationship with some core psychological mechanisms such as perception and memory, and holding its unique role in contributing to cognitive performance (Kosslyn, 1994). For example, evidences suggested that visual imagery ability predicts visuospatial memory performance (Kail, 1997). Hallucination is an experience that largely resembles mental imagery, because of its perceptual nature as well as absence of appropriate stimuli (Sack, Van de Ven, Etschenberg, Schatz, Linden, 2005). Nevertheless, the two distinguish from each other by the individual’s ability of voluntary control, as well a s his/her ability to determine the source of the experience. Specifically, mental imagery is generally regarded as being actively generated and can be intentionally controlled, while hallucination is most times beyond intention and control. The operator of mental imagery is usually aware of its internal source, while not necessarily so hallucinator. (Bentall, 1990). Hallucination, especially the form of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), is an important hallmark of schizophrenia (Wible, 2009). AVH is the perception of voices in the absence of sensory input. AVH has distinct clinical significance, as it affects about 70% of patients with schizophrenia (Sartorius et al., 1978; Silbersweig Stern, 1996). Furthermore, there have been increasing evidences supporting that hallucination is not a rare case in non-clinical population, either. It is now believed to exist on a spectrum from comparably innocuous forms in non-clinical population to a more pathological manifestation in schizophrenics (see review by Bentall, 1990). Because of its significant implication in psychopathology, continuous work has been going on to find out the risk factors and predictors for hallucination. The relationship between mental imagery and hallucination has interested researchers for long because of their shared features. Among all the characteristics of mental imagery that are potentially related with hallucination, vividness has been most substantively examined. This review summarized theories and empirical evidences for the relationship between mental imagery vividness and hallucination. Although still in its budding stage, relevant neurological evidences were also examined. Theoretical Models Vividness of mental imagery can be defined as the degree of perceptual detail experienced when having a mental image (Oertel et al., 2009). It has been associated with hallucination and schizophrenia for decades. In 1883, Galton suggested that increased vividness of mental imagery might be associated with hallucinatory experiences (as cited in Aleman, Bocker, de Haan, 1999). Later in the 20th century, West (1962) and Horowitz (1975) proposed separate models suggesting that hallucinations were mental images derived from internal source, but mistakenly attributed to external source. More specifically, the model suggested that vividness of perception was typically higher than that of mental imagery. As vividness of mental imagery increased, it became more difficult for the individual to decide its source as internal or external, and eventually these images could grow into hallucinatory. This model suggested that mental imagery and hallucination shared fundamental features and were possibly on the same continuum. Johnson and Raye (1981) supported the importance of imagery vividness, stating that memories from internal and external sources could usually be differentiated by comparing the amount of sensory, contextual and semantic attributes of events. Mintz and Alpert (1972) developed their model relevant to mental imagery vividness as well. They proposed that vividness of imagery was not the only factor contributing to hallucination. According to their argument, increased vividness of imagery, and impaired reality testing, referring to the ability to recognize the distortions in one’s own perception, are necessary but not sufficient prerequisites to generation of hallucination. Bentall (1990) summarized predecessors’ work and introduced the concept of â€Å"reality discrimination† – the idea that â€Å"hallucinators mistake their own inte rnal, mental, or private events for external, publicly observable events†. They stated that one type of information used in the reality discrimination process was the amount of sensory information present in conscious: rich sensory information implied a perception being experiences, while poor sensory information implied a mental imagery. Following this argument, individuals who have the propensity to construct images rich in sensory details are more likely to experience their internal imagery as a perception experience, and thus resulting in hallucination. Barrett (1993) provided empirical evidences in support of the above hypothesis, yet he also pointed out some questions of the model. He argued that it was unclear where the locus of the imagery effects was. The imagery vividness discrepancy between individuals with and without hallucinations could be the result of either storage or retrieval difference of sensory information. Specifically, it could be that hallucinators were able to store more abundant sensory information than nonhallucinators; and it could also be that hallucinators were better at retrieving sensory information than nonhallucinators, with same storage capacity. Despite of some questioning opinions, there are very limited direct theoretical dissents or alternative models. Holt (1972) is one of the very few that he argued that hallucination and mental imagery involved independent systems and should not correlate with each other. However, this is not saying that the hypotheses of mental imagery vividness and hallucination have not been subject to scrutinize. A large amount of researchers have attempted to verify or disprove these hypotheses through empirical evidences. Below is an incomplete summary of the empirical studies that are relevant. Empirical Evidences Evidences in Support Mintz and Alpert (1972) provided empirical evidences in support of their own hypothesis. Their study found that auditory hallucinating schizophrenics had a significantly higher vividness of auditory mental imagery comparing to non-hallucinating controls. They also identified an impaired ability to assess the accuracy of auditory perceptions in hallucinating schizophrenics. Similar results were presented by other studies. Barrett (1993) found that nonclinical subjects with hallucinations had higher vividness of mental imagery, and at the same time, had lower control of these images comparing to nonclinical subjects without hallucinations. Barrett’s (1993) study differed from that of Mintz and Alpert (1972) in the sense that he assessed mental imagery vividness on all seven sensory modalities, with one single factor emerged after factor analysis – general imagery vividness factor. In another study by Bocker (2000), no group difference in perceptual acuity was identified between the schizophrenia group and the normal controls, suggesting perceptual degradation is not a reason for hallucination. For the hallucinating schizophrenia patients, the vividness for visual imagery was significantly lower than control, while that for auditory imagery was not. Although the decreased visual mental imagery contradicted with earlier studies, the relatively high auditory mental imagery ability suggested the possibility that auditory imagery for hallucinating patients was more percept-like and thus harder to differentiate, which is in line with the fact that most of the patients experienced hallucinations in auditory modality. Evidences in Contradiction Brett and Starker (1977) found no significant difference of auditory mental imagery vividness between hallucinating schizophrenics, nonhallucinating schizophrenics medical patients with no history of psychiatric problems. Starker and Jolin (1982) also found no significantly different vividness strength of auditory mental imagery between schizophrenics, possible schizophrenics, or nonschizophrenic psychiatrics, nor between schizophrenic subgroups of currently hallucinatory, previously hallucinatory, or nonhallucinatory. In fact, Starker and Jolin (1982) suggested that hallucinating schizophrenics might actually have less vivid auditory imagery than schizophrenics who had never hallucinated. Aleman et al.’s (1999) study revealed interesting results. In their study, hallucinating subjects reported higher imagery vividness than nonhallucinating controls when subjective (self-report) scales were used to measure vividness. However, the pattern was reversed (i.e. hallucinating subjects demonstrated lower mental imagery vividness) when objective measure was used. Van de Ven and Merckelbach (2003) examined the mental imagery vividness and fantasy proneness in non-clinical population with and without hallucination experiences. They found that although subjects with hallucination scored higher on mental imagery vividness than subjects without such experiences, their imagery vividness was highly correlated with their fantasy proneness. Further analysis indicated that hallucination experience was better predicted by fantasy proneness, comparing to mental imagery vividness. Sack and his colleagues (2005) incorporated in their study measures sensitive to cognitive capacity, in order to rule it out as a confounding variable. Their results showed that paranoid schizophrenics reported higher vividness of mental imagery in comparison to age- and sex-matched healthy controls, controlling for general intelligence and psychomotor speed of the subjects. More importantly, the higher imagery vividness of paranoid schizophrenics was not statistically dependent of the patients’ individual psychopathology, including the presence of hallucinations. The authors thus argued that mental imagery could be an independent trait marker of schizophrenia, and it operated on a separate system with hallucination for schizophrenics. Sack and colleagues (2005) also found that patient group performed worse on tasks that require involvement of mental imagery processes, which could indicate an impaired overall mental imagery ability. However, this performance deficit could be attributed to general cognitive capacity deficit. In comparison, Doninger, Silipo, Rabinowics, Snodgrass and Javitt (2001) conducted a study with a task that was more purely targeted at mental imagery ability without time constraint. Their results also revealed worse performance from schizophrenia patients comparing to healthy controls. Results of these studied implied the possibility that group difference in vividness of mental imagery is not due to an enhancement of mental imagery abilities, but to altered information processing. Oertel and colleagues (2009) conducted a further study to address the question that whether vividness of mental imagery is a trait marker of the schizophrenia spectrum (i.e. including non-clinical population with schizophrenia-like traits – schizotypy) that is independent of presence of hallucination. Subjects include schizphrenia patients, first-degree relatives of schizophrenics, as well as high- and low-schizotypy healthy controls. Results showed significantly higher mental imagery vividness across all modalities in schizophrenics, first-degree relatives, as well as high-schizotypy controls comparing to low-schizotypy controls, with cognitive abilities controlled. In replication of Sack et al.’s work, this study also revealed that the vividness of mental imagery and hallucinations were independent of each other. Results also indicated that first-degree relatives obtained highest score in vividness, and high-schizotypy controls’ score did not differ significantly from that of schizophrenia patients. The results strengthened Sack et al.’s (2005) argument that vivid imagery is a trait marker of schizotypyrather, and could be related to the genetic liability to develop schizophrenia. However, longitudinal studies including premorbid data are required for further investigation. Bell and Halligan (2010) repeated Oertel et al.’s study on high- and low-schizotypy population with a larger sample size, yet with a different measure of schizotypy and a specific assessment of visual mental imagery. Their results revealed no significant difference on visual mental imagery vividness between the two groups. Explanation for Results Variation Although large variations exist across different studies, it is not justified to say whether the hypothesis of high mental imagery vividness predicts hallucination has been rejected or not. The main reason for failing to do so is that procedures, especially the measures of mental imagery, of these studies varies a lot, thus leaving considerable space for alternative explanations. Specifically, some of the measures were subjective scale (i.e. self-report), while some of the measures were objective (i.e. behavioral tasks). On the other hand, some of the measures assess mental imagery vividness of a single sensory modality, while some of them assess mental imagery vividness as a whole across all seven sensory modalities. S ubjective Measure vs. Objective Measure of Mental Imagery Kosslyn, Brunn, Cave and Wallach (1984) had presented an insignificant relation between performance on an objective task of visual imagery acuity and a self-report imagery vividness measure, indicating that subjective and objective measures of imagery vividness may not be necessarily measuring the same constructs and/or processes. Aleman et al. (1999) pointed out that objective and subjective mental imagery measures could yield contradictory results within the normal population. This distinction could be true for clinical population as well. For example, Mintz and Alpert (1972) utilized subjective measures (suggestion paradigms or self-report measures) and obtained the finding of an association between increased mental imagery and hallucinations, while Bocker et al. (2000) used a more objective mental imagery task, resulting in insignificant difference of mental imagery performance between patients and controls. Aleman et al. (1999), who generated contradicting results of subjective and objective measures in one study, summarized the disadvantages of subjective and objective measures. For subjective measures, the process of introspection is involved, which is an ability varied across individuals, and can be especially impaired in hallucinating and/or schizophrenia populations. Also, the effect of social demand could influence a subject’s self-report, depending on how the concept of mental imagery vividness is interpreted. Subject’s idiosyncratic definition of imagery vividness also heavily impact his/her self-report. For objective measures, tasks are not real-life resembling, which can fail to evaluate one’s true capacity in daily life. In addition, commonly used objective measures fail to purely target at the vividness of mental imagery alone, other processes such as conceptualization and reasoning are in effect as well. In addition, the contents of cued mental images could largely vary across individuals. Standardized scoring procedure fail to take into account these confounding processes and experiences, indicating that high imagery vividness does not guarantee a high score as it is designed to, and vice versa. General Mental Imagery vs. Single Sensory Modality Mental Imagery Barrett (1993) introduced the idea of general imagery vividness factor. If that is a valid factor, then measurement of general mental imagery vividness and measurement of single sensory modality imagery vividness could be more different than the mere part-whole relationship. Mintz and Alpert (1972) measured auditory imagery vividness only, and Barrett (1993) measured general mental imagery vividness. These two studies both resulted in significant difference of imagery vividness between halluciantors and controls. However, Brett and Starker (1977) and Starker and Jolin (1982) both measured auditory only imagery vividness and resulted in no significant difference between hallucinators and controls. In addition, in replication of Oertel’s (2009) study, Bell and Halligan (2010) changed the general imagery vividness measure to a visual-specific mental imagery measure, and their results differed from that of Oertel et al.. Bell and Halligan (2010) proposed that vividness per se might not be modality specific, and this argument is in line with the modality-independent salience dysregulation theories of psychosis and the psychosis continuum (Murray, Lappin, Di Forti., 2008). Neurological Evidence Despite of the fact that neurological evidences for mental imagery and hallucination experiences did not start to bloom until late 20th century (Linden et al., 2010) and that there is no specific neurological evidence for mental imagery vividness’s relationship with hallucination, this session is included as it provides new perspectives on how experiences of mental imagery and hallucination overlap. Evidences from earlier studies suggested that imagery and hallucinations were associated with overlapping neural networks (Allen, Laroi, McGuire, Aleman, 2008). McGuire et al. (1995) and Shergill et al. (2001) found that auditory mental imagery and auditory hallucination were involved with overlaps in fronto temporal language circuits. In terms of the main difference between hallucination and mental imagery – voluntary controllability, Linden et al. (2011) speculated that it was generated from the altered forward model of sensory productions. Forward model (Wolpert, Ghahramani, Jordan, 1995) stated that perceptual consequences were predicted upon known actions, and the prediction in turn influenced the actual experience of the self-generated action. The forward model could be in effect in speech production. According to it, self-generated speech is subject to prediction of resulted sensory experience. This hypothesis was partially supported by Linden et al.’s (2011) study. They found that the voice-selective area on the banks of superior temporal sulcus (STS) was consistently activated during auditory hallucination and voluntary auditory mental imagery. This area had been regarded as reacting to external sensory stimulation only, but it was later speculated of having been monitoring the self-generated speech in mental imagery and hallucination. Linden et al. (2011) identified in their study that the monitoring and modulating functioning of relevant auditory regions were disturbed in nonclinical hallucinators, resulting in the likelihood of attributing internally generated speech to external sources. These budding evidences suggested that hallucination and mental imagery indeed share fundamental neural networks and do not operate on completely distinctive systems. However, detailed examinations of the activity of these neural networks in terms of different features of mental imagery and hallucination, as well as differed neural system contributing to their differences are still in need. Conclusion Mental imagery vividness has interested researchers for long because of their potential relationship with the experience of hallucination. However, empirical studies have resulted in contradicting results. Earlier studies proposed that increased vividness of mental imagery is a predictor of hallucination, and they have found that higher mental imagery vividness was related with hallucination experiences. Nevertheless, many of the later replications with various methodological modifications failed to reproduce any significant relationship. Because of the variations of measurement of mental imagery vividness, it is hard to decide whether the hypothesis of the relationship between mental imagery vividness and hallucination can be rejected or not. The development of neuroscience based study methods provided a new perspective of testing the hypothesis. Current neurological studies have focused on neural activity comparison between general mental imagery process and hallucination experience. More specific studies targeting at features of mental imagery and hallucination are needed to provide a higher-level understanding of the relationship between the two experiences. Reference Aleman, A., Bocker, K.B.E., de Haan, E.H.F. (1999). Disposition towards hallucinations and subjective versus objective vividness of imagery in normal subjects. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 707-714. Allen, P., Laroi, F., McGuire, P., Aleman, A. (2008). The hallucinating brain: a review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies of hallucinations. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 175-191. Barrett, T.R. (1993). Verbal hallucinations in normals, II: Self-reported imagery vividness. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 61-67. Barrett, T. R., Etheridge, J. B. (1992). Verbal hallucinations in normals, I: People who hear ‘voices’. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 6, 379-387. Bell, V., Halligan, P. W. (2009, April). Additional data on whether vividness of visual mental imagery is linked to schizotypal traits in a non-clinical population [Letter to the editor]. Psychiatry Research, 178, 568-569. Bentall, R.P. (1990). The illusion of reality: A review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 82-95. Bocker, K. B. E., Hijman, R., Kahn, R.S., de Haan, E. H. F. (2000). Perception, mental imagery and reality discrimination in hallucinating and non-hallucinating schizo phrenic patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 397-406. Brett, E. A., Starker, S. (1977). Auditory imagery and hallucinations. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 164, 394–400. Doninger, G.M., Silipo, G., Rabinowics, E.F., Snodgrass, J.G., Javitt, D.C. (2001). Impaired sensory processing as a basis for object-recognition deficits in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1818-1826. Finke, R.A. (1989). Principles of mental imagery. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Holt, R. R. (1972). On the nature and generality of mental imagery. In P. W. Sheehan (Ed.), The function and nature of imagery. New York, NY: Academic Press. Horowitz, M. (1975). Hallucinations: An information processing approach. In R. K. Siegel, L. J. West (Eds.), Hallucinations: Behavior, Experience and Theory (pp.163-196.95). New York, NY: Wiley. Johnson, M. K., Raye, C. L. (1981). Reality monitoring. Psychological Review, 88, 67-85. Kail, R. (1997). Processing time, imagery, and spati al memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 64, 67-78. Kosslyn, S.M. (1994). Image and brain: the resolution of the imagery debate. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Kosslyn, S. M., Brunn, J., Cave, K. R., Wallach, R. W. (1984). Individual differences in mental imagery ability: A computational analysis. Cognition, 18, 195-243. Linden, D. E. J., Thornton, K., Kuswanto, C. N., Johnston, S. J., Jackson, M. C. (2011). The brain’s voices: Comparing nonclinical auditory hallucinations and imagery. Cerebral Cortex, 21, 330–337. McGuire, P., Silbersweig, D., Murray, R., David, A., Frackowiak, R. Frith C. (1996). Functional anatomy of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery. Psychological Medicine, 26, 29-38. Mintz, S., Alpert, M. (1972). Imagery vividness, reality testing, and schizophrenic hallucinations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 79, 310-316. Murray, R.M., Lappin, J., Di Forti, M. (2008). Schizophrenia: from developmental deviance to dopamine dysregulation. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 18, S129-S134. Oertel, V., Rotarska-Jagiela, A., van de Ven, V., Haenschel, C., Grube, M., Stangier, U., Maurer, K., Liden, D. E. J. (2009). Mental imagery vividness as a trait marker across the schizophrenia spectrum. Psychiatry Research, 167, 1-11. Sack, A., Van De Ven, V., Etschenberg, S., Schatz, D., Linden, D. (2005). Enhanced vividness of mental imagery as a trait marker of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31, 1 -8. Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Shapiro, R. (1978). Cross-cultural differences in the short-term prognosis of schizophrenic psychoses. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 4, 102-113. Shergill, S., Bullmore, E., Brammer, M., Williams, S., Murray, R. McGuire, P. (2001). A functional study of auditory verbal imagery. Psychological Medicine, 31, 241-253. Silbersweig, D., Stern, E. (1996). Functional neuroimaging of hallucinations in schizophrenia: toward an integration of bottomup and top-down approaches. Molecular Psychiatry, 1, 367-375. Starker, S., Jolin, A. (1982). Imagery and hallucination in schizophrenic patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 170, 448-451. Thomas, N. J. T. (1999). Are theories of imagery theories of imagination? An active perception approach to conscious mental content. Cognitive Science, 23, 207-245. Van de Ven, V., Merckelbach, H. (2003). The role of schizotypy, mental imagery, and fantasy proneness in hallucinatory reports of undergraduate students. P ersonality and Individual Differences, 35, 889–896. West, L. J. (Ed.). (1962). A general theory of hallucinations and dreams. New York, NY: Grune Stratton. Wible, C. G., Lee, K., Molina, I., Hashimoto, R., Preus, A. P., Roach, B. J., Ford, J. 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Music on the Internet and Copyright Infringement :: Web Music Industry Essays

Abstract Millions of users worldwide use online file swapping services, in order to download free music. Record companies, needless to say, are not very happy about this, neither are many musicians. This paper presents the historical and legal background of this subject. Then, it discusses the morality of such free music services, based on two major ethical theories: consequentialism and contractianism. Introduction The Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA) [1], states: â€Å"No action may be brought under this title alleging infringement of copyright based on the manufacture, importation, or distribution of a digital audio recording device, a digital audio recording medium, an analog recording device, or an analog recording medium, or based on the noncommercial use by a consumer of such a device or medium for making digital musical recordings or analog musical recordings.† The above indicates that individuals can make copies of music recordings for personal noncommercial use and cannot be sued for copyright infringement [2]. In 21st century terms, it can be argued that downloading MP3 files containing music for personal use is not illegal. Napster lawyers thought so too. This argument was used by Napster’s lawyers as one of the two lines of defense at the lawsuit filed against Napster by The Record Industry Association of America (the RIAA) [3]. Unfortunately for Napster, the judge ruling was in favor of the RIAA, and eventually it brought Napster down. Napster was a pioneer in the area of file swapping over the Internet. The Napster web site made available the software necessary for the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file transfer to work. People used it primarily for copying MP3 music files, thus avoiding the need to actually purchase recorded music. Napster quickly became a very popular web site with a 15 million registered users in less than a year, according to company sources. However, Napster’s remarkable success was not at its best interest. It had drawn the attention of the Record Industry, and raised its concerns of Copyright infringement in large volumes. Barely a year after its launch, it was sued by the RIAA, which represents major recording companies such as Universal Music, BMG, Sony Music, Warner Music Group, and EMI. The RIAA claimed that by allowing users to swap music recordings for free, Napster’s service violated Copyright laws. Eventually, the judge ruled against Napster, and, failing to complete the sale deal with Bertelsmann AG, it had to shut down its operations and liquidate its assets [3].

Consider the presentation of the two main characters Essay

Consider the presentation of the two main characters. What are Austin and Trevor telling us about the pressure on women in the past and present? Jane Austin wrote ‘The Three Sisters’ in the 19th century. Jane Austin lived in a mercenary world, and she reflects this in her novels. No secret is made of the need to marry for money. Jane Austin believed that for marriage to work, people must have the same interests. The Three Sisters is about a woman called Mary. She has been proposed to by Mr Watts. He is older than her but she decides to marry him for his wealth and money. She also wants to get married before any of her sisters and the Duttons. However she fears her life will be miserable if she chooses to accept Mr Watts’ proposal. William Trevor wrote ‘Teresa’s Wedding’ around the 1970’s. William Trevor was born into a protestant family and brought up in a Catholic society. When troubles started to break out in Northern Ireland, William Trevor moved to England but he frequently visited Ireland. Teresa’s Wedding is also about marriage. The story starts off at the party after the wedding. Teresa has also married for convenience because she is pregnant. Both stories deal with loveless marriages and in both stories the women have little control over their lives. They are both under pressure to marry men they do not love. In Teresa’s Wedding marriage is seen as a means of escape from a grim community, a place of loneliness and frustration. In The Three Sisters marriage is seen as the only possible fulfilment for a woman. Mary is the eldest of the sisters. She has had her first offer of marriage, but she doesn’t know how to value it. She wants to be the first to be married, she does not want to marry Mr Watts but she wants to get married before Georgiana and Sophy. She knows that if she turns down the offer, Mr Watts shall ask either one of the sisters, and following the traditional conventions of the time she is expected to marry before her younger sisters. Mary appears to be very confused one moment she says â€Å"I shall have him† and the next â€Å"I hate him more than anything else in the world† Austin writes about her own class, the upper middle class, and is very critical about their lifestyles and social behaviour, creating very amusing characters and describing them with crony. She makes a mockery of their snobbish behaviour. She describes Mary as a childish and self-centred girl, who likes to boast and often makes herself look ridiculous in front of others. Teresa is a woman who has just married to a man called Artie Cornish. Teresa had a round, pretty face and black, pretty hair, and was a month and a half pregnant. Teresa is a kind and friendly girl. She is calm, even though she is faced with the situation of admitting to Artie, her husband, on her wedding day that she had â€Å"been in the field† with his friend Screw Doyle. She shows maturity in her optimism about her future, believing that she and Artie â€Å"might make some kind of marriage together† Trevor uses third person narrative in his story, everything is described in detail, we almost feel part of the festivities. However, he does not write about the characters thoughts and feelings. Austin’s story is written in first person narrative, in letter form. This helps us to understand the characters fully. In the two stories the women receive pressure from the society they live in. Teresa also receives pressure from the local priest Father Hogan, who shows very little feelings for her when she confesses that she does not love Artie † under the circumstances that line of talk is irrelevant† Mary receives pressure also from her mother who is â€Å"determined not to let this opportunity escape of settling one my daughters so advantageously† I think it is a lot easier to get married in modern society because we have no restrictions in who we choose to marry. We also do not have our parents choose who we marry, so there is no excuse for marrying some one who you do not love.

Ethical Issues - 1128 Words

Ethics Issues University of Phoenix MGT 216 Organizational Ethics and Social Responsibility 20th July, 2009 Ethics Issues Less than a year ago a regional property supervisor working for California Commercial Investment found an accountant stealing from the company. More specifically, the accountant was posting charges for one of our buildings (i.e. labor and supplies for painting), cutting checks, misleading the owner to sign them and cashing them for himself. He was able to steal a few thousand dollars with his unethical behavior before being caught by the property supervisor. Unethical behaviors like the one previously described are not uncommon in today’s business world. Indeed, workers during the course of their careers can face†¦show more content†¦Any harassment may encourage absenteeism and increase employee turnovers which may affect the company’s overall productivity and employee morale. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) identified two forms of sexual harassment, both covered by â€Å"Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964† (Bohlander Snell, 2007). The first form of sexual harassment is the â€Å"quid pro quo harassment† (this for that). In particular, sexual favors are demanded in return of a job benefit or a promotion. â€Å"Quid Pro Quo† may also occur when an employee has been threatened with demotion or punishment for failing to meet sexual demands. The second form is called â€Å"Hostile Work Environment†. This form of harassment occurs when an employee is subjected to unwelcome sexual conduct which interferes â€Å"with job performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment† (Bohlander Snell, 2007, p.112). Most (if not all) organizations take any form of harassment seriously; indeed, violations of harassment policies may result in disciplinary action, up to and including termination with the employees. 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